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Thursday, 10 July 2014

The Use Of "Mama" & "Papa" In The Congo To Refer To Non-Parents

Posted on 20:43 by mukhiya
Edited by Azizi Powell

This post showcases excerpts of two online articles that provide observations of the use of the referents "mama" and "papa" among people of the Democratic Republic Of The Congo (DRC).

The content of this post is provided for sociological and cultural purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post.

****
EXCERPT #1
From http://lokoleyacongo.wordpress.com/category/congo-culture/page/3/
Schooling in Congo, July 7, 2010 [written by] erasingborders [Excerpt]
:Nearly everyone here is “Mama” or “Papa”. Children at an early age are acknowledged half wryly but affectionately in this way. Rev. Bonanga is not “Monsieur le President” as the head of the Disciples community; he is “Papa President”. And I have never heard Sandra Gourdet, the Global Ministries Africa Executive, referred to as anything but “Mama Sandra”. There is simply no more respectful honorific the culture can bestow than “Mama” and “Papa”.

While everyone is given the title, both parents and non parents, adults work hard and sacrifice heroically in their role as parent. “Papa Pierre”, one of my night time guardians in the compound, hopes to receive an advance today of $45 on his salary. Tomorrow his daughter graduates from her sixth year of primary school and there must be an appropriate celebration of the milestone. A new dress and shoes at a feast shared with family and friends crown the occasion. The expense projected is more than his monthly salary but is not an unusual outlay for a child even when there are eight or nine in the family, as is typical here.

The other night sentry in our Disciples guest compound “Papa Dominique” has with his wife continued to work a field more than 20 kilometers from the family‘s home in Mbandaka to pay his 9 children’s school fees. Papa Dominique’s wife sometimes spends two or three months away from home cultivating and harvesting before marketing the manioc root and leaves, corn, rice and potatoes. Even parents who have jobs in Equateur, the least developed Province with the highest unemployment, must seek additional income for their children’s education"...
-snip0
If I understand correctly, erasingborders, the author of that post whose excerpt I quoted and hand others in that series, was a missionary worker in the DRC with the Global Ministries of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and the United Church of Christ.

****
EXCERPT #2
From http://joannagoddard.blogspot.com/2013/07/13-surprising-things-about-parenting-in.html
Monday, July 29, 2013 at 9:56 AM "13 Surprising Things About Parenting in Congo" [Excerpt]
“For our Motherhood Around the World series, our third interview features Sarah ... and Jill .... two American friends who live in the Democratic Republic of Congo in central Africa with their husbands and kids....

On hiring nannies and housekeepers: Jill: We had never hired people to work in our homes before moving to Congo. But it’s expected here for families who are relatively well off to use some of that income to provide work for others.

Even Congolese families who aren't well off often hire or ask someone to help with a new baby. For the first three months, babies’ necks are too weak to be carried on their mother’s backs. However, work still must get done, so someone—often a young relative—comes to carry that baby around while the mother works. Then, at three months (usually, on the dot!), babies are tied on their mothers’ backs, where they stay most of every day until age two or so.

On "Mamas": Jill: Our kids are super lucky. They have two biological parents, but also Mama Vida, Mama NouNou, Mama Youyou, and Mamitsho to look out for them, wipe their crusty noses, say "Sorry, sorry" when they fall down, and laugh adoringly when they say something cute. These “mamas” are the Congolese women who help us care for our kids and our homes. Mama Vida is our nanny, who comes every weekday to take care of Loulou while we are at work. Mama NouNou cleans our house three times a week, but her passion is food, and we love it when she makes us a dish to try.

In Congo, all women are called "Mama So-and-So" out of respect, whether you’re a mother or not.* I thought I would be uncomfortable sharing my mama title, but I’m not. It's a strange relationship—that of nanny and parent and child—but one that is less threatening and more loving than I expected. Now it’s hard to imagine raising children without so many mamas."...
-snip-
Italics were added by me to highlight that sentence.

****
EDITOR'S COMMENTS
The second sentence in the lokoleyacongo.wordpress.com excerpt that indicates that "Children at an early age are acknowledged half wryly but affectionately [by being called "mama" or "papa"] struck a chord with me because that custom is a familiar one among some populations in the United States. A number of blogs* have posted discussions about this topic.

While some people who posted to those blogs were unfamiliar with that custom and asked if it was a trend, other commenters indicated that it was very normal for some (but not all) people from a number of different racial and ethnic backgrounds -in all socio-economic levels- to use what I call "parent referents" for children. The commenters on those blogs who wrote that they such referents indicated that they or people they knew who used those terms are Latino/Hispanic (in the USA), African Americans**, from South American nations, from Caribbean nations, from the Middle East (Arab; Israeli), from India, Middle Eastern nations, India, and Italian American. The parent referents which were cited were "mama", "mami", "little mama", "mamacita" and/or "mamas" for girls as young as babies and "papa", "papi", "papito", "daddy", "little daddy", and/or "baba" (which means "father" in Arabic) for boys as young as babies. All of those referents were considered to be terms of affection for children which are used by adults, including the children's parents. These terms can also be used as referents or nicknames for specific children by other children. And sometimes people keep those nicknames when they become adults - for example, Boston Red Sox baseball player David Ortiz ("Big Papi") who is from the Dominican Republic.

Given that information, it was interesting to learn from that lokoleyacongo.wordpress.com post that that custom is practiced by Congolese. I wonder how old that custom is and if Central Africa (and probably also West Africa) was the source of that custom for African Americans and Latinos, if not other people throughout the world.

*Here are some links to those discussions about the use of "parent (given in no particular order):
http://community.babycenter.com/post/a22519335/why_do_some_parents_call_their_daughters_mama

http://www.babygaga.com/t-1762367/calling-baby-girls-mama.html

http://www.dcurbanmom.com/jforum/posts/list/60/326247.page

**For the record, I don't recall hearing "mama", "little mama", "daddy", or "papa" etc. used to refer to children, teens, or young adults who weren't parents when I lived in my home town of Atlantic City, New Jersey, I left my home town when I was sixteen years old, but if those terms were used around me, I'm sure I would still remember that. However, I have heard some Black people use them (particularly "little mama" and "mama" in my adopted city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While I had heard those terms before but never used them myself, I became particularly conscious of the use of those terms (and "little man" and "man" for Black boys, including babies) when I started working in foster care in the early 2000s.)

****
RELATED LINK
http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2014/07/examples-of-mamacita-little-mama-in.html
"Examples Of "Mamacita" & "Little Mama" In American & Caribbean Records"

****
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  • saxophone instrument with traditional African music
  • Scat singing
  • scatting
  • sea shanties
  • Sega music
  • Senegal
  • Senegal history
  • Senegal music and dance
  • Senegal music and dance.
  • Senegalese history and religion
  • Senegalese music and dance
  • Senegalese myths and history
  • Senegalese myths and religion
  • Senegalese names
  • shake sugaree
  • shakin my head gesture
  • shanties
  • shave and a hair cut
  • Shelton Brooks
  • Shim Sham Shimmy
  • Shirley Caesar
  • shortnin bread
  • shout
  • Shouting John
  • show me your motion games
  • side eye
  • Sisiva
  • Ska
  • Ska music
  • skanking
  • slang origins
  • smh
  • Soca
  • Soca music
  • soccer chants
  • Soloman Islands
  • Solomon Island
  • Somalian songs
  • son (music)
  • songs about chicken
  • songs about hunger
  • songs about infectious diseases
  • songs about justice
  • songs about mother-in- laws
  • songs about Noah
  • songs from American movies
  • songs from movies
  • sookie jumps
  • soukous
  • Soukous music
  • soul food
  • soul music
  • Soul train
  • soundies
  • South Africa
  • South Africa music and dance
  • South African culture
  • South African Gospel
  • South African Gospel music
  • South African history and culture
  • South African music
  • South African music and dance
  • South African spoken word
  • South American music and culture
  • South American music and dance
  • South Sudan
  • South Sudan music and dance
  • South Sudanese culture
  • South Sudanese music and dance
  • Southern African music and dance
  • Southern Soul Blues
  • spankngs
  • Spirituals
  • Spirituals about Gabriel's Trumpet
  • spoken word
  • spoken word poetry
  • sports events
  • sports songs
  • spraying money
  • step shows
  • Steppin
  • Stomp and shake cheerleading
  • stomp cheers
  • stomping the devil in his head
  • stratch music
  • street dances
  • street vendor calls
  • struggle songs
  • Strut
  • such is life songs
  • suck teeth
  • Sudanese Gospel song
  • Sudanese music and dance
  • sukey jumps
  • Surely I Will
  • Sweet Honey In The Rock
  • Tabu Ley
  • take a peach take a plum
  • tap dancing
  • Tassa drums
  • taunting rhymes
  • that's life songs
  • The Bahamas Jonkanoo
  • The Bahamas Jonkanoo parades
  • The Caravans
  • the dozens
  • The Gambia
  • the Lindy Hop
  • The Love Circle.
  • the Virginia Reel
  • the Wailers
  • Thomas Mapfumo
  • Thomas W Talley Negro Folk Rhymes
  • Thomas W. Talley
  • Thomas W. Talley Negro Folk Rhymes
  • throwing shade
  • Timne ethnic group
  • Tonga
  • topical song about current events
  • toyi toyi
  • traditional music instruments
  • traditonal music instruments
  • Trinidad & Tobago Music
  • Trinidad & Tobago proverbs
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago music
  • Trinidad carnival
  • Truckin
  • Tulululu
  • twitter
  • Uganda
  • Uganda history
  • Uganda music and dance
  • Ugandan music and dance
  • Uncle Tom and Aunt Jemima
  • United States history
  • United States Virgin Islands
  • university fight songs
  • using parental terms as nicknames
  • vernacular referents
  • video games
  • vine videos
  • violence in children's rhymes
  • Virgin Island Jazz
  • Virgin Island music
  • Viviane Chidid Ndour
  • voguing
  • waacking
  • Wabash Rag
  • wearing hats in church
  • wedding songs
  • West Africa
  • West African history
  • wheel and turn
  • When Pebbles Was A Baby
  • whooping cough
  • whooping cougn
  • Willie Dixon songs
  • Wilson Pickett
  • word origin and meanings
  • Word origins and meanings
  • work songs
  • Yoruba culture
  • Yoruba language
  • Yoruba names
  • Yoruba orishas
  • Yoruba poetry
  • Yoruba religion
  • Yoruba religion; Santeria
  • YouTube user names
  • YouTube viewer comment threads
  • Zamacueca
  • Zambian Gospel music
  • Zambian music and dance
  • Zimbabwe music and dance
  • Zimbabwean Gospel music
  • Zimbabwean music
  • Zip Coon
  • zoot suit
  • Zydeco music

Blog Archive

  • ▼  2014 (437)
    • ►  December (10)
    • ►  November (18)
    • ►  October (34)
    • ►  September (39)
    • ►  August (32)
    • ▼  July (53)
      • Pharoah Sanders - Hum-Allah-Hum-Allah-Hum-Allah (w...
      • African American Vernacular English In A Popular M...
      • "Ice Ice Baby" And Other Examples Of Alpha Phi Alp...
      • Lord Invader -"Sly Mongoose" (information, lyrics,...
      • Eight DD4L (Dancing Dolls of Jackson, Mississippi)...
      • Hlengiwe Mhlaba - Living Waters (South African Gos...
      • Did The Slang Use Of "Sick" Meaning "Really Good" ...
      • Denise LaSalle- It Be's That Way Sometimes (exampl...
      • The REAL Meanings Of "The Breaks" In Kurtis Blow's...
      • Joe Simon - "It Be's That Way Sometimes" (examples...
      • Jimmy Cliff - That's The Way Life Goes (example &...
      • Nina Simone - It Be's That Way Sometimes (comments...
      • Arthur Mafokate - "Kaffir" & "Oyi Oyi" (South Afri...
      • Five Malawian Gospel Videos By Patience Namadingo
      • The Racist Roots Of The "Five Little Monkeys Jumpi...
      • List Of African American "Call The Doctor" Songs &...
      • Versions Of "Shortnin' Bread" (1900-1950)
      • Jim Jackson - "I Heard The Voice Of A Pork Chop Sa...
      • The Two Charlies - Pork Chop Blues (comments, exam...
      • Sam Collins - "Pork Chop Blues" (comments, exampl...
      • Frank Stokes & The Beale Street Sheiks - Chicken Y...
      • Sweet Papa Stovepipe - "All Birds Look Like Chicke...
      • Two Excerpts Of The "Kaidara", A Fulani Epic Poem ...
      • Five Videos Of Gambian Fulani Musician/Singer Juld...
      • Castro (Ghanaian HipLife Artist) - "Toffee", "Afr...
      • The Wailers - "Rude Boy" (sound file & comments)
      • Different Meanings Of "Wheel And Turn" In Two Jam...
      • Videos Of Namibia's Omupembe Traditional Dance
      • Videos Of Ovambo (Owambo) Traditional Dancing - Na...
      • Videos Of Ovambo (Owambo) Traditional Dancing - Na...
      • Speculative Source For The Children's Rhyme "Hey ....
      • Children's Rhyme "Hey...How About A Date Meet Me ...
      • Examples Of Black Civil Rights Chants & Black Powe...
      • Nine Examples Of Black Gospel Quartet Music
      • Examples Of "Mamacita" & "Little Mama" In American...
      • The Use Of "Mama" & "Papa" In The Congo To Refer T...
      • Habib Koité - Wassiye (Mali)
      • JB Mpiana- Ndombolo (sound file, information, comm...
      • Examples Of Traditional Afro-Ecuadorian Bomba Musi...
      • Fally Ipupa - Original (Democratic Republic Of The...
      • Five Congolese Religious Songs Entitled "Ngolu"
      • Blossom - "Komuthima Gwomeya" & "Indikupapatele" (...
      • "I'm Bound For Mt. Zion" (comments, lyrics, examples)
      • "Surely I Will" (comments, examples, & lyrics)
      • Comments About Cultural Appropriation From A Booke...
      • What "Boots" Mean In Drag Culture Slang
      • "Hunty" And The African American Vernacular Englis...
      • Black Talk: Excerpt From "Sez Who? Hip Hop Nation:...
      • "Playmate" Rhymes & "I Don't Want To Go To Mexico"...
      • Larry Grayson - The Source For The "Shut The Door"...
      • Five Examples Of The Gospel Song "Shine On Me" (Le...
      • Examples Of Fulani (African) Female Beaded Hairsty...
      • Viviane Chidid Ndour - Kumu Neexul (video, lyrics ...
    • ►  June (39)
    • ►  May (33)
    • ►  April (30)
    • ►  March (44)
    • ►  February (50)
    • ►  January (55)
  • ►  2013 (63)
    • ►  December (37)
    • ►  November (26)
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mukhiya
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