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Monday, 24 February 2014

Kankouran Masquerade And Female & Male Circumcision

Posted on 07:08 by mukhiya
Edited by Azizi Powell

This post presents information about and two video examples of the Kankouran (Kankurang) masquerade that is traditionally central to initiation rites in Senegal and Gambia. This post also presents information & links about the health risks of female genital circumcision (also known as female genital mutilation) and the health risk of male circumcision when done in certain traditional ways. I should note that while some articles & videos that I've found connect Kankouran with male circumcision, I've not found any online articles that clearly indicate that Kankouran is associated with female genital circumcision. However, information that I've come across (quotes from which are given below) certainly allude to that connection.

I'm 1000% opposed to female genital circumcision, and I'm equally opposed to certain forms of male circumcision. I believe that the dance and music traditions of a culture can be retained & supported apart from cultural traditions that are harmful to people's health & wellbeing.

The content of this post is presented for cultural, health, sociological, and aesthetic purposes.

All copyrights remain with their owners.

Thanks to all those who are quoted in this post. Thanks to all those who keep the dance and music traditions of Africa alive. Thanks also to the publishers of these videos on YouTube.

****
INFORMATION ABOUT KANKOURAN MASQUERADE
From http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=nl&u=http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kankurang&prev=/search%3Fq%3Dkankurang%2Bwikipedia%26biw%3D853%26bih%3D579 [translated from Dutch to English...I've made no attempt to edit this to standard American English]
"Kankurang is a mask dance, in which a mask of an animal or scary will essentially be borne. It is an initiation - ritual in Gambia and Senegal. According to tradition, the origin of Kankurang found in Komo, a secret society of hunters whose organization and esoteric practices contributed to the emergence of the Mandinka.

The masks are made of cloth, paper, leaves, bark , grass, animal horns, and combinations thereof. Also, a machete and a stick in the hands worn and the body is colored with vegetable dyes. The masquerades of the Mandinka and Diola are very traditional.

The masked speak in deep voices, proverbs and riddles he communicates with the community. This serves as entertainment for the general public. It also helps in maintaining discipline and protecting members of society from evil spirits and witches .
Moreover masquerade as a link between the human world and the spiritual world. The members of the society show to have the spiritual world through deep respect libations to offer.
There are different forms of Kankurang;
• Ifangbondi: is very dangerous, an invisible spirit can damage culprits, comes only at night;
• Wulengo: protects circumcised youths may not see, against witches, evil spirits and evildoers, children, women and the uninitiated a woman who sees this is barren;
• Jamster: maintaining discipline of the members of society, is performed during weddings, graduations and other ceremonies.

There will be a vigil place and there is a procession through the village. The ritual usually takes place in August and September. Follow Kankurang villagers, they look at his behavior and gestures and perform dances and songs on.

The Kankurang dances staccato and fight with two machetes. The followers are armed with sticks and palm leaves, they beat the rhythm of tom-toms.

The Kankurang teaches young people's cultural identity. The secrets of plants and their medicinal values and hunting techniques are passed.

Since 2005 Kankurang is listed on the list of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity."

****
From http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/kankouran-show-proves-west-african-dance-company-is-evolving/2012/09/02/98e380ce-f529-11e1-a126-fc5f423715b5_story.html
KanKouran show proves West African dance company is evolving By Pamela Squires, Published: September 2, 2012
"KanKouran West African Dance Company...was formed in 1983 by [artistic director Assane] Konte and former music director Abdou Kounta, who grew up together in Dakar, Senegal. The company takes its name from the Mandingo word “kankouran,” meaning a guide who assists boys’ and girls’ transition into adulthood. Today, the company and its vision of keeping African Americans grounded in their ancestral culture is an important contributor to the District’s unique dance footprint."
-snip-
Italics added to highlight this sentence. Click http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EysB76SNI8w for a video of this dance company that includes a lengthy summary statement about that group. The dance shown doesn't include the Kankouran masquerade.

**
From http://ourforeignserviceadventure.blogspot.com/2013/02/janjanbureh-hippos-crocodiles-and.html [This is an excerpt from a blog about a Westerner traveling in Gambia]
"Around noon we crossed the bridge to the island and soon encountered one very enthusiastic Kankurang. For those of you not familiar, a Kankurang is a man dressed up in a fancy full body suit of dried grass with a creepy looking mask and horns who scares away evil spirits during naming ceremonies (aka circumcision ceremonies for young boys). They generally are seen dancing in the middle of the road and waving machetes, occasionally pretending to stab your car as you drive by. Good times, right?

This particular Kankurang was no different except his tenacity to stay in the road and refuse us passage. Money would have been a suitable option for our freedom but D took the more indignant approach and lightly nudged him with the car until bits of his grass dress came off in the grill. Still waving the machete and momentarily occupied by the car behind us, D was able to make his escape.

After brushing off our run-in because, hey, this is somewhat of a normal occurrence, we made our way to the middle of town and our hotel."

****
INFORMATION ABOUT THE HEALTH RISKS OF FEMALE CIRCUMCISION & LINK TO AN ARTICLE ABOUT THE HEALTH RISKS OF MALE CIRCUMCISIONS WHEN DONE IN CERTAIN TRADITIONAL WAYS
http://reproductiverights.org/en/document/female-genital-mutilation-fgm-legal-prohibitions-worldwide
"12.11.08 - What is FGM?
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is the collective name given to a number of cultural practices that involve the partial or total cutting of female genitals. FGM can be performed as early as infancy and as late as age thirty. However, most commonly, girls experience FGM between four and twelve years of age. The origins of FGM remain unclear.

FGM is a Human Rights Violation
FGM violates a number of human rights of women and girls. Since FGM involves the removal of healthy sexual organs without medical necessity and is usually performed on adolescents and girls, often with harmful physical and psychological consequences, it violates the rights to non-discrimination, health, and bodily integrity. Although FGM is not undertaken with the intention of inflicting harm, its damaging physical, sexual, and psychological effects make it an act of violence against women and children. Finally, FGM sometimes threatens the lives"...

**
http://goaskalice.columbia.edu/distinction-between-male-and-female-circumcision
"While medical complications are generally rare for boys who experience foreskin circumcision especially in more developed countries, health consequences for all types of FGM are generally more severe for girls. Girls may experience severe pain, shock, hemorrhage, urinary track complications or infections, fever, wound infection, or septicemia as short-term consequences of female circumcision procedures. In the long-term, women may face urethra damage, incontinence, painful sexual intercourse, and/or sexual dysfunction. Infibulation (type III) is considered the worst offender for long-term consequences in the life of the woman, particularly if an infibulated woman attempts vaginal childbirth."

**
http://scienceblogs.com/denialism/2008/11/12/why-male-circumcision-and-fema/
“Independent of how you may feel about male circumcision, it does not normally, or even more than very rarely, lead to long-term medical consequences. FGM nearly always does..."

**
http://www.theatlantic.com/past/unbound/flashbks/fgm/fgm.htm October 1995 "Female Circumcision Comes to America"

**
http://www.theepochtimes.com/n2/world/maasai-women-end-traditional-female-circumcision-299742.html Maasai Women End Traditional Female Circumcision By Denise Darcel Epoch Times Staff Created: October 3, 2012 Last Updated: March 13, 2013
[This article provides information about an alternative ceremony for Maasi females that does not involve cutting. Information about female genital circumcision experiences in USA is also included in this article. Here are two quotes from that portion of that article: "New York State has the second largest population of FGM [Female Genital Mutilation] victims next to California, according to the CAGeM website...With the influx of immigrants that come to the United States from countries that continue the practice, girls who become United States citizens are at risk of family pressure to perform their native cultural rites of passage."

**
http://2001-2009.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/crfgm/10099.htm "The Gambia: Report on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC)"
...."Founded in 1991, BAFFROW was established to carry out projects and research in the health and environment areas. It is aimed at community health promotion, along with changing many of the puberty rituals. It also focuses at providing alternate sources of income for excisors.

BAFFROW aims at 100 percent eradication of FGM/FGC while respecting the importance of the social and cultural traditions associated with the rites of passage to womanhood.""
-snip-
Italics are added to highlight this statement as one I absolutely concur with.
**
http://www.mrc.ac.za/public/facts19.htm
[This South African article lists the health risks of male circumcision]
..."There are definite risks involved in the surgical procedure of circumcision8. The following complications have been reported:
•Serious infection;
•Severe loss of blood;
•Mutilation;
•Penile amputation; and
•Possible death in extreme cases.

The above mentioned serious complications are due to:
•Poor training of the staff who performed the procedure;
•A lack of appropriate surgical equipment; and
•A lack of patient follow-up."

****
FEATURED VIDEOS OF KANKOURAN MASQUERADE:

Video Example #1: Kankouran et couleur au sud du Sénégal [Kankouran and color in southern Senegal]



layeprostudiombour, Published on Dec 22, 2012


**
Video Example #2: LE KANKURANG RITE D'INITIATION MANDING [The Manding Initiation Rite]

.

CULTURESN, Published on May 2, 2013

Ministère de la Culture et du Patrimoine Historique Classé
Direction du Patrimoine Culturel , République de Gambie
National Concil for Arts and Culture [Ministry of Culture and Historical Heritage
Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Republic of The Gambia
National Concil for Arts and Culture]

****
RELATED LINK
http://pancocojams.blogspot.com/2012/05/mendiani-menjani-manjani-dance-drum.html
"Manjani" is a rites of passage dance in Guinea and Mali that is traditionally associated with female genital circumcision. This dance is very popular among dance troupes in the United States that perform West African dances, although few know about its connection to female circumcision.

****
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  • My favorite pancocojams blog posts
  • My favorite pancocojams posts
  • Names and name meanings
  • names and nicknames
  • Namibian music and dance
  • nce
  • ndombolo
  • Negro dialect
  • Negro Folk Rhymes
  • Nelson Mandela
  • New Orleans culture
  • New Orleans Jazz
  • New Orleans Mardi Gras Indians
  • Nicaraguan music and dance
  • Niger
  • Nigeria culture
  • Nigerian clothing
  • Nigerian Creole
  • Nigerian culture
  • Nigerian Gospel music
  • Nigerian music
  • Nigerian music and dance
  • Nigerian pidgin English
  • Nigerian religious music
  • Nina Simone
  • North Carolina Moral Monday
  • noteworthy Pancocojams text posts
  • novelty song
  • Nyabinghi Drumming
  • Nyahbinghi
  • Odetta
  • Olatunji
  • old school dances
  • old time music
  • old time music song
  • Old Time Music songs
  • old time song
  • Olodum
  • Omega Psi Phi Fraternity
  • One more river to cross
  • one stringed fiddle
  • Oral Literature In Africa
  • Osun
  • Owu-Aru-Sun Festival
  • Pacific Island music and dance
  • Palmares
  • Palo de Mayo
  • Pan African Orchestra
  • Pan-African Flags
  • pancocojams blog meta
  • pancocojams traffic searches
  • pantsula dance
  • pantsula dancing
  • Parang music
  • parenting customs
  • parodies
  • Paul Robeson
  • Paul Robinson
  • Pentecostal
  • Peter Tosh
  • Pharoah Sanders
  • pick up lines
  • pigeon wing
  • play party song
  • play party songs
  • poetry
  • political song
  • politics
  • Pop
  • pop and locking
  • Pop-Rap music
  • popular culture
  • Portugal
  • praise brea
  • praise breaks
  • praise poetry
  • praise singers
  • protest chants
  • protest song
  • protest songs
  • Putting On The Black
  • quadrille
  • quadrille music and dance
  • Quelbe music
  • race and racism
  • racial stereotypes
  • racialized versions of children's rhymes
  • Rags
  • Ragtime music
  • rake and scrap music
  • Ras Shorty I
  • Rastafarian culture
  • Rastafarian culture/words
  • Ray Charles
  • Reggae
  • Reggae music
  • religious music
  • Rev James Cleveland
  • Rev. Charles H. Nicks
  • rhyme sources
  • rhymes about violence
  • Rhythm and Blues
  • Rhythm and Blues and Hip Hop dances
  • ring shout
  • Road march song
  • Roaring Lion
  • Roberta Martin
  • Rock 'n' Roll
  • Roots Reggae
  • Rosa Parks
  • roustabouts
  • rumba
  • RuPaul's Drag Race
  • Rythmn and Blues
  • Salsa
  • Samba
  • sambo
  • Santeria
  • saxophone instrument with traditional African music
  • Scat singing
  • scatting
  • sea shanties
  • Sega music
  • Senegal
  • Senegal history
  • Senegal music and dance
  • Senegal music and dance.
  • Senegalese history and religion
  • Senegalese music and dance
  • Senegalese myths and history
  • Senegalese myths and religion
  • Senegalese names
  • shake sugaree
  • shakin my head gesture
  • shanties
  • shave and a hair cut
  • Shelton Brooks
  • Shim Sham Shimmy
  • Shirley Caesar
  • shortnin bread
  • shout
  • Shouting John
  • show me your motion games
  • side eye
  • Sisiva
  • Ska
  • Ska music
  • skanking
  • slang origins
  • smh
  • Soca
  • Soca music
  • soccer chants
  • Soloman Islands
  • Solomon Island
  • Somalian songs
  • son (music)
  • songs about chicken
  • songs about hunger
  • songs about infectious diseases
  • songs about justice
  • songs about mother-in- laws
  • songs about Noah
  • songs from American movies
  • songs from movies
  • sookie jumps
  • soukous
  • Soukous music
  • soul food
  • soul music
  • Soul train
  • soundies
  • South Africa
  • South Africa music and dance
  • South African culture
  • South African Gospel
  • South African Gospel music
  • South African history and culture
  • South African music
  • South African music and dance
  • South African spoken word
  • South American music and culture
  • South American music and dance
  • South Sudan
  • South Sudan music and dance
  • South Sudanese culture
  • South Sudanese music and dance
  • Southern African music and dance
  • Southern Soul Blues
  • spankngs
  • Spirituals
  • Spirituals about Gabriel's Trumpet
  • spoken word
  • spoken word poetry
  • sports events
  • sports songs
  • spraying money
  • step shows
  • Steppin
  • Stomp and shake cheerleading
  • stomp cheers
  • stomping the devil in his head
  • stratch music
  • street dances
  • street vendor calls
  • struggle songs
  • Strut
  • such is life songs
  • suck teeth
  • Sudanese Gospel song
  • Sudanese music and dance
  • sukey jumps
  • Surely I Will
  • Sweet Honey In The Rock
  • Tabu Ley
  • take a peach take a plum
  • tap dancing
  • Tassa drums
  • taunting rhymes
  • that's life songs
  • The Bahamas Jonkanoo
  • The Bahamas Jonkanoo parades
  • The Caravans
  • the dozens
  • The Gambia
  • the Lindy Hop
  • The Love Circle.
  • the Virginia Reel
  • the Wailers
  • Thomas Mapfumo
  • Thomas W Talley Negro Folk Rhymes
  • Thomas W. Talley
  • Thomas W. Talley Negro Folk Rhymes
  • throwing shade
  • Timne ethnic group
  • Tonga
  • topical song about current events
  • toyi toyi
  • traditional music instruments
  • traditonal music instruments
  • Trinidad & Tobago Music
  • Trinidad & Tobago proverbs
  • Trinidad and Tobago
  • Trinidad and Tobago music
  • Trinidad carnival
  • Truckin
  • Tulululu
  • twitter
  • Uganda
  • Uganda history
  • Uganda music and dance
  • Ugandan music and dance
  • Uncle Tom and Aunt Jemima
  • United States history
  • United States Virgin Islands
  • university fight songs
  • using parental terms as nicknames
  • vernacular referents
  • video games
  • vine videos
  • violence in children's rhymes
  • Virgin Island Jazz
  • Virgin Island music
  • Viviane Chidid Ndour
  • voguing
  • waacking
  • Wabash Rag
  • wearing hats in church
  • wedding songs
  • West Africa
  • West African history
  • wheel and turn
  • When Pebbles Was A Baby
  • whooping cough
  • whooping cougn
  • Willie Dixon songs
  • Wilson Pickett
  • word origin and meanings
  • Word origins and meanings
  • work songs
  • Yoruba culture
  • Yoruba language
  • Yoruba names
  • Yoruba orishas
  • Yoruba poetry
  • Yoruba religion
  • Yoruba religion; Santeria
  • YouTube user names
  • YouTube viewer comment threads
  • Zamacueca
  • Zambian Gospel music
  • Zambian music and dance
  • Zimbabwe music and dance
  • Zimbabwean Gospel music
  • Zimbabwean music
  • Zip Coon
  • zoot suit
  • Zydeco music

Blog Archive

  • ▼  2014 (437)
    • ►  December (10)
    • ►  November (18)
    • ►  October (34)
    • ►  September (39)
    • ►  August (32)
    • ►  July (53)
    • ►  June (39)
    • ►  May (33)
    • ►  April (30)
    • ►  March (44)
    • ▼  February (50)
      • Destined Kids - "Joy Joy Joy", "Emmanuel", and "Bi...
      • Langston Hughes - "A Dream Deferred" (information,...
      • Bioshock 2 & Bessie Smith's "Nobody Loves You When...
      • Toyin Adebola - "Kabi O Osi O" (Nigerian Gospel) w...
      • Florocka (Nathan Akiremi) - "Twale" (Nigerian Gospel)
      • Jola (Diola) Music & Dance (West Africa) With Clav...
      • "Alabama Gal" (Play-Party Song) videos and lyrics
      • A Partial List Of African American Play Party Songs
      • The Cultural, Regional, & Racial Associations Of S...
      • Videos Of "Great Big House In New Orleans" (Play P...
      • Seven Videos Of "Li'l Liza Jane" (Little Liza Jane)
      • Five Examples of Song Lyrics For "Li'l Liza Jane" ...
      • Kankouran Masquerade And Female & Male Circumcision
      • Aretha Franklin - "Spirit In The Dark" (informatio...
      • Spiritual (Shouter) Baptist Churches In The USA & ...
      • Spiritual (Shouter) Baptist Churches In The Caribbean
      • More Caribbean Cheerleading Videos
      • Various Styles Of Cheerleading In The Caribbean
      • Eight Examples of the Jump Blues Song "Caldonia"
      • Kings & Queens In The Modern African Nation Of Ghana
      • Jamaican Bobsled Team Songs (Lyrics & Movie clips)
      • Jimmy Fallon & Will Smith - Evolution Of Hip-Hop D...
      • Videos From The "After Midnight" Broadway Show
      • "Freedom Road" poem by Langston Hughes as sung by ...
      • Collard Greens and Cornbread (Song by Fantasia & ...
      • The Treniers - "Rag Mop" (information, video, and...
      • Black Choir Processionals - Marching With The Righ...
      • Pre-The Dozens Girls' Foot Stomping Cheer "Hump De...
      • Cab Calloway - "The Hi De Ho Man" (examples, infor...
      • Cab Calloway - Minnie The Moocher (information, ly...
      • Two Examples Of The 1942 Song "Zoot Suit (For My S...
      • The Parliaments - "I Wanna Testify" and The Gospel...
      • Rev. Clay Evans & The AARC Mass Choir -" I've Got ...
      • What Testify (Giving A Testimony) Means In Church
      • Kente Parties Worldwide (videos)
      • Kente Cloth Worn By American Gospel Choirs
      • "African Day" Worship Services In African American...
      • Wearing Kente Cloth Stoles During Graduation Cerem...
      • Examples of the Spiritual "There Is A Balm In Gile...
      • "Proud To Be" Video Promoting Indian Self-Esteem &...
      • Willie Dixon & Howlin Wolf - Little Red Rooster (s...
      • The Tradewinds - Mr. Rooster (sound file and lyrics)
      • Seven YouTube Examples Of "A Change Is Gonna Come"...
      • Four Hymns & Gospel Songs By St. James Missionary ...
      • African American Male Stomp & Shake Cheerleaders (...
      • The Origins & Meanings Of "Jaffe Joffer" & Other N...
      • Mame Coumba Bang (Senegalese River Goddess), Infor...
      • Videos of Baaba Maal & Ndeye Coumba Dia – Gilli & ...
      • Senegal's Orchestre Baobab - "Coumba" (sound file,...
      • Linguistic Alert! Another Vernacular Meaning For "...
    • ►  January (55)
  • ►  2013 (63)
    • ►  December (37)
    • ►  November (26)
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mukhiya
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